Exam #3 Study Guide

Early development
- Embryo vs. Fetus
- Cell Differentiation
- Androgens
- Sensitive periods
- Reflexes
- Progression and Maturation
Genetic influence
- Chromosomes
  - X and Y chromosomes
- Dominant and Recessive genes

Piaget's theory of cognitive development
- Sensory-motor intelligence
  - Object permanence
  - sensory-motor schemas
  - beginnings of representational thought
- Preoperational period
  - Conservation
  - egocentrism
- Concrete operational period
- Formal operational period
Challenges of Piaget's theory
- Infancy
  - Space and objects
  - Number
  - Social cognition
- Preschoolers
  - Numerical skills
  - Social cognition
- Sequence vs. stages
Causes of cognitive growth
- Nativist approach
- Learning
- Assimilation and accommodation
- Information-processing approach
Cognitive development from a cross-cultural perspective
- Differences on competence
- Effects of schooling

Attachment
- separation anxiety
- attachment styles &endash; "Strange Situation"
- sensitive period vs. critical period
- imprinting
- effects of extreme deprivation (Harlow)
Childhood Socialization
- social learning theory
- cognitive developmental theory
- parenting styles
Development of Morality
- internalization
- principle of minimal sufficiency
- empathy and empathic distress
- Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning
- Gilligan's critique of Kohlberg
Development of Sex and Gender
- gender roles and sex differences
- gender identity
- sexual orientation (factors?)
- physical vs. relational aggression
Development After Childhood
- Adolescence
- Adulthood

The Social Nature of Humans and Animals
- Natural Selection and Survival
  - genes
  - adaptive value
- Built in Social Behaviors (ethology)
  - species-specific
  - fixed-action patterns
Aggression
- Conflict Between Species
- Conflict Between Like and Like
  - testosterone
  - appeasement and threat displays
  - dominance hierarchies and the alpha male
  - personal space and plasticity with respect to humans
Mating
- Sexual Choice
  - advertising for a mate
  - courtship rituals
- Reproduction and Timing
  - estrus, estrogen and progesterone
  - menstrual flow
- Evolution and Mating Systems
  - mate guarding
  - polygamy: polygyny (sexual dimorphism) and polyandry
  - monogamy
Parenting
- infant's attachment to the mother
- mother's attachment to the infant (i.e. motherese)
Communication
- Expressive movements
- Social Cognition
  - theory of mind
- Altruism and self-sacrifice
  - alarm calls
  - kin-selection hypothesis
  - reciprocal altruism (i.e. grooming)
  - altruism in humans

Social Pressure
- Solomon Asche Conformity Experiments
- Cognitive Dissonance
Attitudes
- Persuasion (central vs. peripheral routes)
- Forced Compliance
Perceiving Others
- First impressions
- Perception of In-Groups and Out-Groups
- Stereotypes
Attribution
- Causal Attribution
- Fundamental Attribution Theory
- Actor/Observer differences
- Self Serving Bias
Perceiving Self
- Foot-in-door
Culture -Collectivist vs. individualist
Emotion
- James-Lange theory
- Attribution of arousal theory
- Excitation Transfer
- Universality of emotional expressions
- Darwin-evolutionary perspective
- Audience effects

Relating to others: one-on-one interactions
- Social exchange and reciprocity
  - Reciprocity and persuasion
  - The roots of reciprocity
- Altruism
  - The Bystander Effect
  - The costs of helping
- Attraction
  - Proximity
  - Similarity
  - Physical attractiveness
- Love
  - Romantic love
  - Companionate love
Social influence: Many-on-one interactions
- Social facilitation: social influence by the presence of others
- Conformity
  - Causes
  - Majorities and minorites
- Blind obedience
  - Obedience and personality structure
  - Obedience and the situation
- Social impact theory
Leadership: One-on-Many Interactions
- Great person or social forces
- Leadership in the laboratory
Crowd Behavior: Many-on-Many Interactions
- The emphasis on the irrational: deindividuation
- Cognitive factors and the panicky crowd