Exam #1 Study Guide

Exam #1 Study Guide
Spring 2000
Lecture topic: Overview
textbook: Chapter 1
There is no formal study guide for this topic, but there will be a few questions on the test from the lecture + chapter to study , follow the chapter headings and the lecture slide handout from class.
Lecture topic: Research Methods
textbook: Appendix 1

Basic Research Techniques
- Observation
  - Observable Phenomena
- Theory-Guided Explanation
  - Systematic Testing
- Skepticism
  - Clever Hans Example
- Controlled Observation
Persuasive Experiments
- How to Formulate a Testable Hypothesis
  - Testable Hypothesis
  - Disconfirmed Hypothesis
    - Facilitated Communication Example
  - Confirmed Hypothesis
- Systematic Data Collection
  - Anecdotal Evidence
  - File-Drawer Problem
  - Bias
    - Confirmed Bias
- Variables
  - Dependent Variable
  - Independent Variable
- Groups
  - Experimental Group
  - Control Group
- Design Problems and Solutions
  - Placebo Effects
  - Demand Characteristics
  - Double-Blind Design
  - Confounds
Observational Studies
- What is an Observational Study
- Correlation Studies
  - Causal Ambiguity
  - Third-Variable Problem
  - Random Assignment
- Single Participant Studies
  - Case Study
- Combinations
  - Field Experiment
  - Case Experiment
Multiple Methods
- Kinds of Methods
  - Self-Report Data
  - Behavioral Measures
  - Biological Assessments
Generalizing From Research
- Validity
  - External Validity
  - Internal Validity
- Selecting Participants
  - Population
  - Sample
    - Biased Sample
    - Random Sample
    - Stratified Sample
Research Ethics
- Human Participants
  - Informed Consent
  - Confidentiality
  - Debriefing
Statistics
- Measures of Central Tendencies
  - Mean
  - Median
  - Mode
- Correlation
  - Association Between Measures
    - Positive Correlation
    - Negative Correlation
    - No Correlation
  - Correlation-Causation Fallacy
  - Height in Feet Demo


Textbook: Chapter 2 (1st half)
Lecture topic: Biological foundations: Higher functions

Descartes View of Organisms as Machines
- Reflex
How Nervous System is Studied (neurons)
- clinical observations
- invasive techniques
  - lesioned, ablated, transecting
  - intracranial recording
  - cannulas
- neuroimaging techniques
  - CTscan, MRI, EEG, PETscan, fMRI
Architecture of Nervous System (definitions, functions, locations)
- ganglia
- neural plate
- hindbrain
  - 1. medulla, pons, cerebellum
- midbrain
- forebrain
  - 1. cortex (cerebral hemispheres)
  - 2. longitudinal fissure
  - 3. subcortical structures: thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system
  - 4. Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases
- leow and high-decerbrate animals
CNS Connections Within the Body
- afferent and efferent nerves, cranial nerves
- peripheral and autonomic nervous systems
the neocortex (cerebral hemispheres)
- Convolutions/Fissures
  - central
  - lateral
- Lobes
  - frontal and parietal
  - temporal
  - occipital
- Localization of Function
  - phrenology
- Projection Areas
  - primary motor projection area
    - a. contralateral control
  - primary sensory areas
    - somatosensory area
  - non-primary (association) areas
- Disorders of Action
  - apraxias
- Disorders of Perception and Attention
  - agnosias
  - prosopagnosia
  - neglect syndrome
  - Gerstmann syndrome
- Disorders of Language
  - aphasias
    - fluent (Wernicke’s area)
    - non-fluent (Broca’s area)
  - dyslexia
- Disorders of Planning and Social Cognition
  - Phineas Gage
  - prefrontal area
- Two Brains?
  - Evidence From Split Brain Subjects
    - corpus callosum
  - Evidence From Normal Subjects
    - response time
    - hemisphere asymmetries (demo: crying infant chimeras)
- Two Modes of Mental Functioning
  - verbal vs. spatial modes of thought


Lecture topic: Biological foundations: Elemental
textbook: Chapter 2 (second half)

neurons
- structure (dendrites, soma, axon, myelin sheeth, nodes of ranvier, terminal buttons)
- kinds of Neurons
  - motoneuron
  - sensory
  - interneuron)
- glial cells
  - functions
Demonstration of neural transmission time
- nerve impulse speed
- difference in two times (ankle/shoulder)
action potential
- resting potential
- synapse
- chemical/electrical?
- ion channels
- all-or-none law
- summation (temporal/spatial)
neurotransmitters
- inhibitory/excitatory
- lock and key
- primary/second messengers
- agonists/antagonists
injury and recovery in the nervous system


Lecture topic: Motivation
Textbook: Chapter 3

Motivation as Directed Action
- Control Systems:
  - Feedback
  - Control system
  - Positive feedback systems
  - Negative feedback
  - Setpoint
  - Homeostasis
Temperature Regulation
- Thermoregulation
  - Endotherms
  - Ectotherms
- Temperature Control by Internal Adjustment
  - Vasilodilation
  - Vasoconstriction
  - Piloerection
  - Setpoint
- Temperature Control by Externally Directed Behavior
- Autonomic Nervous System and Temperature Control
  - Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
  - Glands
  - Smooth muscles
  - Sympathetic
  - Parasympathetic
- Sensing the Internal Environment: The Hypothalamus
  - Thermoreceptors
  - Pyrogens
Thirst
- Extracellular Water Volume
  - Vasopressin
  - Angiotensin II
- Intracellular Water Volume
  - Osmoreceptors
Hunger
- Body Weight, Nutrition, and Energy
  - Basal metabolic rate
- The Signals for Feeding
  - Signals from the liver
    - glucose
    - glycogen
  - Receptors in the Brain
  - Signals from the stomach and intestines
  - Signals from the small intestine
    - cholecystokinin (CCK)
  - Signals from fatty tissue
    - adipose cells
    - leptin
  - Signals from the outside
- Hypothalmic control centers
  - Dual-center theory
  - Dual centers for feeding
    - aphagia
    - hyperphagia
  - Dual centers reconsidered
    - orexins
    - neuropeptide Y (NPY)
- Food selection
  - Hardwired taste preferences
  - Neophobic
- Obesity
  - Bodily factors in obesity
  - Genetic factors in obesity
  - Behavioral factors
    - externality hypothesis
    - setpoint hypothesis
  - Treatment for obesity
- Anorexia nervosa
- Bulimia nervosa
Threat
- Threat and the ANS
  - Adrenal medulla
  - The emgergeny reaction
    - Galvanic skin response (GSR)
    - polygraph
- Central controls
  - Limbic system
- Disruptive effects of autonomic arousal
- Pain and the endorphin system
  - Pain as an aid to survival
  - Pain relief through endorphins
    - analgesia
    - endorphins
    - placebos
- Endorphins and exercise
VI. Sleep and Waking
- Waking
- Sleep and physiological activity
  - Electroencephalogram (EEG)
  - Alpha rhythm
  - Beta rhythm
- The stages of Sleep
  - Slow-wave sleep
  - REM sleep
  - Sleep paralysis
- Functions of sleep
  - Sleep deprivation
    - REM rebound
  - Sleep as a restorative process
  - Sleep as a clock driven process
    - circadian rhythm
    - melatonin
    - ultradian rhythm
- Dreams
  - Dreaming in slow-wave and REM sleep
  - Do dreams have a function?
    - activation-sythesis hypothesis
What Different Motives Have in Common
- The psychology of reward and the arousal level
  - Drive-reduction theory
  - An optimum arousal above zero
  - Drugs and addiction
    - depressants
    - stimulants
    - neurotoxin
    - tolerance
    - withdrawal
  - The opponent-process theory of motivation
The biology of Reward
- Specific and general pleasure centers
- The dopamine hypothesis of reward and drug effects
  - medial forebrain bundle (MFB)
  - ventral tegmental area (VTA)
  - nucleus accumbens
The nature of motives